Statistics and Biostatistics help needed

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Statistics and Biostatistics help needed

Question 1 Recently, Australian researchers conducted a study of the relationship between optimism and colon cancer survival. Their hypothesis was that colon cancer patients who had a positive outlook on life would have a lower five-year cumulative incidence of mortality. The study included 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent psychological testing and were found to have a optimistic outlook on life and 100 recently diagnosed colon cancer patients who underwent the same psychological tests and were found to have a pessimistic outlook on life. By the end of five years of follow-up, 50 of the 100 patients with the optimistic outlook and 75 of the 100 patients with the pessimistic outlook had died from colon cancer. • Set up and fill in the two by two table using these data. • What is the prevalence of colon cancer in the study population? • Compare the cumulative incidence of mortality in the optimistic group to the cumulative incidence of mortality in the pessimistic group using a ratio measure of association. • State in words your interpretation of the result you found in part c. 

 
Question 2 
A cohort study of smoking and bladder cancer was conducted in a small island population. There were a total of 1000 people on the island. Four hundred were smokers and 600 were not. Fifty of the smokers developed bladder cancer. Ten of the non-smokers developed bladder cancer. Construct a two by two table using the data given above. Be sure to label the cells and margins. Which measure of comparison would you use to describe the relative effect of smoking on the risk of bladder cancer? What is the formula for this measure of comparison? Calculate this measure of comparison using the given data. State the meaning of your answer in one sentence. 
Question 3 
For this problem, note the following chart: 

For this problem, note the following chart:

Age Group
(in years)

% of Population in Age Group

Influenza Rate per 1,000 person-years

CITY A

CITY B

CITY C

Massachusetts

CITY A

CITY B

CITY C

YOUNG

40%

50%

80%

60%

2

10

30

OLD

60%

50%

20%

40%

70

110

5

There are 10,000 individuals in City A, which is located in Massachusetts. Eight young individuals and 420 old individuals develop the flu over the course of a year.

  • Use these data to calculate the crude influenza rate per 1,000 individuals per years in City A.
  • What is the crude rate of influenza in City B?
  • What is the crude rate of influenza in City C?
  • Calculate an age-adjusted influenza rate for each of the cities. Use the age distribution for the State of Massachusetts (shown in the table) as the standard.