PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

/in /by

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON:
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

TANIA GONZALEZ DIAZ

WALDEN UNIVERSITY

NURS:6501C

AUGUST 03,2019

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Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is:

  • Chronic neurodegenerative disorder
  • The leading cause of dementia
  • According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, 29.8 million people had AD.
  • Most prevalent among people whose ages are 65 years and above.
  • Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that normally starts and gradually progresses with the brain cells dying off. Leading to memory loss.
  • The leading cause of dementia which affects an individual cognitive, social and behavioral skills that destroy the capability of a person to function properly.
  • According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, there were 29.8 million people globally who had AD. I
  • t mostly starts in people whose ages are over 65 years.

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Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Exact cause is unknown.
  • Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely;
  • Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14]
  • Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] and
  • Abnormal presenilin 2 [PSEN2])
  • Late onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele 4 (APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19.
  • Source: (Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
  • The exact cause of AD is still unknown till date.
  • Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely;
  • Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14]
  • Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] and
  • Abnormal presenilin 2 [PSEN2])
  • Late onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele 4 (APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19.

*

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease …contd

  • DNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.
  • Pathological alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.
  • These pathological alterations include;
  • Accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques with core of amyloid Degeneration of basal forebrain ß-protein
  • Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles
  • cholinergic neurons with loss of acetylcholine
  • Source: (Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
  • DNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.
  • Pathological alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.
  • These pathological alterations include;
  • Accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques with core of amyloid ß-protein
  • Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles
  • Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
  • If the brain is unable to get rid of amyloid the precursor protein, toxic fragments of amyloid ß-protein accumulates and which trigger neuritic plaques to diffuse, the transmission of impulses by nerve cells to be disrupted and the nerve cells to die.
  • The tau protein in neiurons detaches forming an insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, which causes the neurons to die.
  • Neurofibrilary tangles and neuritic plaques which are more concentrated in the cerebral cortex are the one that contribute to memory loss, through the loss of neurons.
  • As shown in the figure attached in the slides above this causes the gri to shrink while the sulci widens.

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Body Systems Affected by Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Almost body systems are affected by Alzheimer’s Disease.
  • Because with time and age are it affected other body functions.
  • Digestive system (Alagiakrishnan, Bhanji & Kurian, 2013)
  • Swallowing difficulties
  • People often eat while choking
  • Central Nervous system (Tina, n.d.)
  • AD is a CNS disease an d therefore affects both the brain and spinal cord
  • Amyloid plaque that is made up of fragments of dead brain cells and certain protein accumulates in the brain
  • Tau protein also accumulate at abnormal levels rendering the brain cells to die and to ultimately die
  • As AD continues, it often extends to other brain parts which control coordination, walking and swallowing.
  • Even though Alzheimer’s usually out as a problem that affect the thought and memory, it ultimately affects almost all the body functions.

Digestive system

  • Swallowing difficulties
  • People often eat while choking

Central Nervous system

  • AD is a CNS disease an d therefore affects both the brain and spinal cord
  • Amyloid plaque that is made up of fragments of dead brain cells and certain protein accumulates in the brain
  • Tau protein also accumulate at abnormal levels rendering the brain cells to die and to ultimately die

*

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Neurologist or geriatrician will first review clinical history of a client and their symptoms
  • The physician will then run tests:
  • Brain imaging
  • MRI,
  • CT scan
  • PET
  • Laboratory tests
  • Memory tests
  • Neuropsychological tests
  • Mental status testing
  • According to Mayo Clinic Staff (2019), the future diagnosis will apply tool that will involve the detection of tau proteins like PET
  • Neurologist or geriatrician will first review clinical history of a client and their symptoms
  • The physician will then run tests:
  • Brain imaging
  • MRI,
  • CT scan
  • Laboratory tests
  • Memory tests
  • Neuropsychological tests
  • Mental status testing
  • Future diagnosis will apply tool that will involve the detection of tau proteins like PET

*

Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Cure for AD has not been established.
  • Are medicines that ease the symptoms in some people.
  • Some drugs curb the breakdown of acetylcholine which is crucial for learning and memory.
  • Are three drugs commonly used, these are;
  • Razadyne (galantamine)
  • Aricept (donepezil)
  • Exelon (rivastigmine)
  • Cure for AD has not been established.
  • Are medicines that ease the symptoms in some people.
  • Some drugs curb the breakdown of acetylcholine which is crucial for learning and memory.
  • Treatment options depend on factors such
  • Severity of the disease, clinical history, age, lifestyle, client’s or family’s or caregiver’ preferences
  • Are three drugs commonly used, these are;
  • Razadyne (galantamine)
  • Aricept (donepezil)
  • Exelon (rivastigmine)

*

A Mind Map of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease

Clinical Manifestation

  • Behavioral changes
  • Mood changes

Treatment

  • Are three drugs commonly used, these are;
  • Razadyne (galantamine)
  • Aricept (donepezil)
  • Exelon (rivastigmine)

Support groups

Pathophysiology alterations

Plaque tangles and tau proteins leads to death of neuronal cell

Risk Factors

  • Hereditary
  • Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14]
  • Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] and
  • Abnormal presenilin 2 [PSEN2])
  • Cardiovascular disease

Diagnosis

  • Laboratory tests
  • Memory tests
  • Brain imaging

Epidemiology

  • Globally, about 29.8 million people have AD as of 2015
  • In a study conducted in the US people aged >70 years yielded a prevalence for AD of 9.7 %.

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References

Alagiakrishnan, K., Bhanji, R., & Kurian, M. (2013). Evaluation and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different types of dementia: A systematic review. Archives Of Gerontology And Geriatrics, 56(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.04.011

Etindele Sosso, F., Nakamura, O., & Nakamura, M. (2017). Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Comparison between Africa and South America. Journal Of Neurology And Neuroscience, 08(04). doi: 10.21767/2171-6625.1000204

Huether, S., McCance, K., Brashers, V., & Rote, N. (2016). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed., pp. 1180-1200). Elsevier.

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Learn how Alzheimer’s is diagnosed. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/alzheimers/art-20048075

Tina, M. What Body Systems Are Affected by Alzheimer Disease? | Livestrong.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/177220-what-body-systems-are-affected-by-alzheimers-disease/

Thank you for listening.

You are a part of a global fight against Alzheimer’s disease

*

*

  • Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that normally starts and gradually progresses with the brain cells dying off. Leading to memory loss.
  • The leading cause of dementia which affects an individual cognitive, social and behavioral skills that destroy the capability of a person to function properly.
  • According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, there were 29.8 million people globally who had AD. I
  • t mostly starts in people whose ages are over 65 years.

*

  • The exact cause of AD is still unknown till date.
  • Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely;
  • Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14]
  • Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] and
  • Abnormal presenilin 2 [PSEN2])
  • Late onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele 4 (APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19.

*

  • DNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.
  • Pathological alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.
  • These pathological alterations include;
  • Accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques with core of amyloid ß-protein
  • Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles
  • Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
  • If the brain is unable to get rid of amyloid the precursor protein, toxic fragments of amyloid ß-protein accumulates and which trigger neuritic plaques to diffuse, the transmission of impulses by nerve cells to be disrupted and the nerve cells to die.
  • The tau protein in neiurons detaches forming an insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, which causes the neurons to die.
  • Neurofibrilary tangles and neuritic plaques which are more concentrated in the cerebral cortex are the one that contribute to memory loss, through the loss of neurons.
  • As shown in the figure attached in the slides above this causes the gri to shrink while the sulci widens.

*

  • As AD continues, it often extends to other brain parts which control coordination, walking and swallowing.
  • Even though Alzheimer’s usually out as a problem that affect the thought and memory, it ultimately affects almost all the body functions.

Digestive system

  • Swallowing difficulties
  • People often eat while choking

Central Nervous system

  • AD is a CNS disease an d therefore affects both the brain and spinal cord
  • Amyloid plaque that is made up of fragments of dead brain cells and certain protein accumulates in the brain
  • Tau protein also accumulate at abnormal levels rendering the brain cells to die and to ultimately die

*

  • Neurologist or geriatrician will first review clinical history of a client and their symptoms
  • The physician will then run tests:
  • Brain imaging
  • MRI,
  • CT scan
  • Laboratory tests
  • Memory tests
  • Neuropsychological tests
  • Mental status testing
  • Future diagnosis will apply tool that will involve the detection of tau proteins like PET

*

  • Cure for AD has not been established.
  • Are medicines that ease the symptoms in some people.
  • Some drugs curb the breakdown of acetylcholine which is crucial for learning and memory.
  • Treatment options depend on factors such
  • Severity of the disease, clinical history, age, lifestyle, client’s or family’s or caregiver’ preferences
  • Are three drugs commonly used, these are;
  • Razadyne (galantamine)
  • Aricept (donepezil)
  • Exelon (rivastigmine)

*

*

Thank you for listening.

You are a part of a global fight against Alzheimer’s disease

*

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